Practical guidance for turning sources, evidence and early ideas into careful academic work.
01
Academic writing
How to build a literature review around ideas—not a list of sources
A useful literature review does more than describe one publication after another. Learn how to organise evidence around themes, disagreements, methods and unanswered questions.
Define the review question, group sources by concepts, compare their evidence and finish each section by explaining what the comparison means.
Create a source matrix before drafting.
Use synthesis sentences to connect studies.
Separate documented gaps from possible gaps.
8-minute read
02
Citations
When does a claim need a citation?
Cite evidence, distinctive ideas, statistics, definitions and claims that readers may reasonably want to verify. Common knowledge usually does not require a reference.
Cite the source you actually consulted.
Add page numbers for direct quotations.
Check imported metadata before submission.
6-minute read
03
Responsible AI
Use AI without losing your scholarly voice
AI can help clarify wording and question assumptions, but it cannot take responsibility for your evidence, interpretation or citations.
Keep your original notes and source trail.
Verify every factual or bibliographic claim.
Follow your institution’s disclosure policy.
7-minute read
04
Methods
Write a method section readers can evaluate
Describe what you did, why the approach fit the question and how each decision affects the strength and limits of the conclusions.
Explain sampling and inclusion decisions.
Document collection and analysis steps.
State limitations without hiding them.
9-minute read
05
Writing
Move from notes to an academic argument
Start with the conclusion each section must support, arrange evidence around that purpose and explicitly explain the reasoning between evidence and claim.
Draft a one-sentence section purpose.
Distinguish evidence from interpretation.
Use counter-evidence to refine the claim.
7-minute read
06
Citations
Paraphrasing is more than changing words
A responsible paraphrase reconstructs an idea after understanding it, uses an independent sentence structure and still credits the original source.
Read, close the source and explain the idea.
Compare your version with the original.
Retain attribution even after rewriting.
5-minute read
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